{"id":10712,"date":"2017-08-31t10:02:58","date_gmt":"2017-08-31t17:02:58","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/www.catharsisit.com\/hs\/?p=10712"},"modified":"2018-10-24t03:57:20","modified_gmt":"2018-10-24t10:57:20","slug":"ap-calculus-bc-review-alternating-series","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.catharsisit.com\/hs\/ap\/ap-calculus-bc-review-alternating-series\/","title":{"rendered":"ap calculus bc review: alternating series"},"content":{"rendered":"
an alternating series is one in which the signs of the terms switch between positive and negative. these kinds of series show up fairly regularly in applications. so it’s important to know how to work with them.<\/p>\n
in this review article, we’ll examine the properties of alternating series. we’ll also work through a number of examples similar to those you might find on the ap calculus bc exam.<\/p>\n
what makes a series alternating<\/strong> is the pattern of its signs<\/em>. positive terms alternate with negative terms forever. the first term may be either positive or negative.<\/p>\n so, if b<\/em>1<\/sub>, b<\/em>2<\/sub>, b<\/em>3<\/sub>, b<\/em>3<\/sub>, etc., are positive, then both of the following are alternating series.<\/p>\n for example, the following series is alternating.<\/p>\n here’s another example. notice again how the factor of (-1)n<\/sup><\/em> switches the sign.<\/p>\n here is one that is not easy to tell is alternating. in fact, it’s not obvious until you work out the value of each term. remember your unit circle!<\/p>\n there is actually a very simple test for convergence that applies to many of the series that you’ll encounter in practice.<\/p>\n suppose that σan<\/sub><\/em> is an alternating series, and let bn<\/sub><\/em> = |an<\/sub><\/em>|. then the series converges if both of the following conditions hold.<\/p>\n basically, if a series alternates, then as long as the terms get closer to zero, there must be a finite sum. think of a bouncing ball. each up bounce is a positive term, and each downward return is a negative term. if the next bounce is always smaller than the previous one, then eventually the ball will come to rest.<\/p>\n directly related to the convergence test, there is an easy error estimate for these kinds of series.<\/p>\n if σa<\/em>n<\/sub> is a convergent alternating series, then the n<\/em>th partial sum, sn<\/sub><\/em>, approximates the sum of the series to within an error bound of |an+1<\/sub><\/em>|.<\/p>\n note that the error bound does not apply to divergent<\/em> series.<\/p>\n the alternating harmonic series<\/strong> is the alternating sum of the reciprocals of all the natural numbers. that is, <\/p>\n does this series converge? let’s use the alternating series test to find out.<\/p>\n here, bn<\/sub><\/em> = |an<\/sub><\/em>| = 1\/n<\/em>, which decreases to 0 as n<\/em> → ∞. thus, the alternating harmonic sequence converges<\/em>. (on the other hand, the plain old harmonic series<\/a>, which consists of all positive fractions, actually diverges<\/em>!)<\/p>\n how close is 1 – 1\/2 + 1\/3 – 1\/4 + 1\/5 to the value of the sum?<\/p>\n just look for the next term, which would be -1\/6. the error is only |-1\/6| = 1\/6 ≈ 0.16667.<\/p>\n now, it can be determined through more advanced methods that the alternating harmonic sum is exactly ln(2), which is roughly 0.69315. let’s verify our error bound estimate.<\/p>\n 1 – 1\/2 + 1\/3 – 1\/4 + 1\/5 = 0.78333.<\/p>\n 0.78333 – 0.69315 = 0.09018, which is well within the error bound estimate of 0.16667. it worked!<\/p>\n now that we’ve seen the theory, let’s apply what we know to a few example problems.<\/p>\n determine which of the following series converge(s).<\/p>\n each of the three series is alternating.<\/p>\n i. the absolute value of the general term is bn<\/sub><\/em> = 1\/n<\/em>2<\/sup>. now, because 1\/n<\/em>2<\/sup> decreases to 0 as n<\/em> → ∞, we know that the series converges by the alternating series test.<\/p>\n ii. this time, the absolute value of the general term is but still, the sequence of terms, b<\/em>1<\/sub>, b<\/em>2<\/sub>, b<\/em>3<\/sub>, b<\/em>3<\/sub>, etc., does decrease and limit onto 0. again, the test tells us that this series converges.<\/p>\n iii. here, the general term is a bit trickier. <\/p>\n the limit is not equal to zero. in fact, that’s enough to conclude that the series must diverge. remember that if the terms of any series do not limit on zero, then that series diverges. <\/p>\n you can check out ap calculus bc review: series convergence<\/a> for more about series convergence and divergence.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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alternating series test<\/h2>\n
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error bound<\/h2>\n
example — the alternating harmonic series<\/h3>\n
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examples from the ap calculus bc exam<\/h2>\n
determining convergence<\/h3>\n
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solution<\/h4>\n
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approximating π<\/h3>\n